Sri Lanka is an island nation located in the Indian Ocean, just south of India, separated by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar. The country boasts diverse landscapes, including coastal plains, mountainous regions in the central and southern parts, and a tropical climate. With a rich history spanning over 2,500 years, Sri Lanka was significantly influenced by Buddhism, evident in its ancient cities like Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa. The island underwent colonization by the Portuguese, Dutch, and British, who named it Ceylon; it gained independence in 1948 and was renamed Sri Lanka in 1972. The nation experienced a prolonged civil war from 1983 to 2009, which ended with the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).
Politically, Sri Lanka is a democratic republic with a presidential system, where the President serves as the head of state, government, and military. As of 2023, Ranil Wickremesinghe is the President. The predominant religion is Buddhism, followed by Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity, and the official languages are Sinhala and Tamil, with English widely used for official and commercial purposes. The country is known for its vibrant festivals, such as Sinhala and Tamil New Year and Vesak, which celebrates the life of Buddha.
Economically, Sri Lanka has a traditional agrarian foundation, renowned for its tea, rubber, and coconut plantations. Key industries include textiles, apparel, tourism, and information technology services. However, the nation has faced economic challenges, including debt and inflation, necessitating reforms. Environmentally, Sri Lanka is a biodiversity hotspot, featuring numerous national parks and reserves. Conservation efforts are crucial to balancing development with environmental protection amid challenges like deforestation and climate change.
Socially, Sri Lanka has a high literacy rate and offers free education from primary to university level. Its universal healthcare system provides free medical services to citizens, contributing to favorable human development indicators compared to its South Asian neighbors. However, the country grapples with political stability, addressing ethnic tensions, implementing effective economic policies, and promoting reconciliation among its diverse ethnic and religious groups, making these priorities essential for sustainable growth and social harmony.
