Bhutan is a small, landlocked country in South Asia, situated in the Eastern Himalayas, bordered by China to the north and India to the south, east, and west. The terrain is predominantly mountainous, featuring diverse landscapes of valleys, forests, and majestic peaks. With a rich history influenced by Tibetan Buddhism, Bhutan has maintained its independence through various kingdoms and feudal systems. In the early 20th century, the country began establishing diplomatic relations and gradually opened up to the world while preserving its cultural heritage. Transitioning to a constitutional monarchy in 2008, Bhutan now has a parliamentary democracy with a king as the head of state; the current monarch, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, has been on the throne since 2006. The predominant religion is Vajrayana Buddhism, which significantly shapes Bhutanese culture and daily life, with Dzongkha as the official language. The country is known for its vibrant festivals, called "Tshechus," which feature traditional dances and rituals. Economically, a large portion of the population engages in subsistence agriculture, while Bhutan harnesses its substantial hydropower resources, exporting electricity to India as a major revenue source. The country promotes high-value, low-impact tourism to protect its natural environment and cultural heritage. Renowned for its environmental conservation efforts, Bhutan has designated a significant portion of its land as protected areas and operates under the principle of Gross National Happiness (GNH), prioritizing citizens' well-being over mere economic growth. Despite progress, Bhutan faces challenges in infrastructure, healthcare, and education, while also striving to balance modernization with the preservation of its unique culture and traditions.
